Strength and microstructure of lightweight concrete with palm kernel shell and rice husk ash substitutions: A technological conciliation for facilities management

This study introduces an eco-efficient pathway for the construction industry. By integrating palm kernel shell (PKS) and rice husk ash (RHA), two abundant Malaysian agricultural wastes, the research demonstrates how a 5% PKS and 10% RHA mix can achieve 22.05 MPa compressive strength at 28 days, fulfilling M20 standards while reducing density and cost. The paper uniquely links microstructural FE-SEM evidence with industry feedback from G7 contractors, bridging scientific findings with real-world applications in sustainable facilities management. It stands as a citable reference for researchers exploring green concrete, microstructural performance, and circular construction materials.